Experimental comparison of continuous and intermittent flooding of rice in relation to methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions and the implications for nitrogen use efficiency and yield

Intermittent flooding (IF) of rice has been encouraged as an approach to reduce water use and methane emissions compared with continuous (CF), but may involve trade-offs. This study the contrasting effect IF CF regimes on (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) ammonia (NH 3 nitrogen efficiency (NUE) yield. A split plot design was used which assessed effects four different fertiliser types. The results suggest that converting from irrigation does lower CH (by approximately 18%); however, this comes at a cost. resulted in significant decrease grain yield, regardless type (6.1% study) also NUE (a drop 22.5% when CF). small, statistically ( t -test p < 0.01) increase N O emissions. Difference NH emission between not significant. Our concludes conversion methods well overall global warming potential greenhouse gas production; yield penalties pollution are likely result. Leaf colour chart based application Neem coated urea scaled GHG under loss irrigation. • lowers by 18%. Highest harvest (64.5%) LCC Continuous lowered Yield scaled-GWP IF. trade-off reduced GWP penalty.